The architectural history of Nicosia can be traced back to its ancient roots. During the Classical and Hellenistic periods, buildings were constructed primarily from locally sourced limestone, a material that was abundant and relatively easy to work with. The use of limestone continued into the Byzantine period, characterized by the construction of basilicas and churches with distinctive apses and domes.

The medieval era saw the rise of fortifications as Nicosia became a significant defensive stronghold. The Lusignan period (1192–1489) introduced Gothic elements, as seen in the magnificent St. Sophia Cathedral (now Selimiye Mosque). The Lusignans used limestone to construct grand castles and churches, blending Gothic style with local architectural traditions.

The Venetian period (1489–1571) left a significant mark on Nicosia’s architectural heritage. The Venetians reinforced the city’s defenses by constructing the formidable city walls, which still encircle the old town today. These walls, built from sandstone and limestone, featured eleven heart-shaped bastions and three main gates, combining military functionality with Renaissance aesthetics.

When the Ottomans took control of Nicosia in 1571, they introduced elements of Islamic architecture. The Ottomans converted existing churches into mosques and built new ones, such as the Arabahmet Mosque. During this period, local stone continued to be the primary building material, but the architectural style incorporated features like domes, minarets, and courtyards.

A typical Ottoman-era house in Nicosia was characterized by its inward-looking design, with an emphasis on privacy. These houses often featured an inner courtyard, surrounded by rooms and shaded by wooden verandas. The use of timber and adobe bricks, along with stone, provided both insulation and aesthetic appeal.

The British colonial period (1878–1960) brought new architectural influences to Nicosia. British architects introduced neoclassical and Victorian styles, which were adapted to the local climate and materials. Public buildings, such as the Cyprus Museum and the Paphos Gate Police Station, were constructed using a combination of limestone and imported materials like brick and iron.

Residential architecture during this period often featured high ceilings, large windows, and verandas, reflecting the British colonial style while accommodating the Mediterranean climate. Houses were built with stone and plastered walls, providing a blend of durability and elegance.

Despite the diverse architectural influences over the centuries, the classic Nicosian house retains certain distinctive features. Typically built from local limestone, these houses are designed to adapt to the Mediterranean climate. Thick stone walls provide insulation against the heat, while high ceilings and strategically placed windows allow for natural ventilation.

A classic Nicosian house often includes a central courtyard, a feature inherited from the Ottoman period. This courtyard serves as the heart of the home, a private outdoor space for family activities. Rooms are arranged around the courtyard, with arched doorways and wooden shutters adding to the aesthetic charm. The use of terracotta tiles for roofing and decorative ceramic elements further enhance the traditional look.